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As the Reynolds number increases, the continuous turbulent-flow moves closer to the inlet and the intermittency in between increases, until the flow becomes fully turbulent at Re D > 2900. [13] This result is generalized to non-circular channels using the hydraulic diameter , allowing a transition Reynolds number to be calculated for other ...
The main parameter characterizing transition is the Reynolds number. Transition is often described as a process proceeding through a series of stages. Transitional flow can refer to transition in either direction, that is laminar–turbulent transitional or turbulent–laminar transitional flow.
Dimensionless numbers (or characteristic numbers) have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids and their flow as well as in other transport phenomena. [1] They include the Reynolds and the Mach numbers, which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system characteristics, such as density, viscosity, speed of sound, and flow speed.
For the turbulent flow regime, the relationship between the friction factor the Reynolds number Re, and the relative roughness / is more complex. One model for this relationship is the Colebrook equation (which is an implicit equation in f D {\displaystyle f_{D}} ):
A key tool used to determine the stability of a flow is the Reynolds number (Re), first put forward by George Gabriel Stokes at the start of the 1850s. Associated with Osborne Reynolds who further developed the idea in the early 1880s, this dimensionless number gives the ratio of inertial terms and viscous terms. [4]
A turbulent flow in a fluid is defined by the critical Reynolds number, for a closed pipe this works out to approximately R e c ≈ 2000. {\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} _{\text{c}}\approx 2000.} In terms of the critical Reynolds number, the critical velocity is represented as
turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated by inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic eddies, vortices and other flow instabilities. The Reynolds number is defined as [24] =, where: ρ is the density of the fluid (SI units: kg/m 3)
The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS equations) are time-averaged [a] equations of motion for fluid flow. The idea behind the equations is Reynolds decomposition , whereby an instantaneous quantity is decomposed into its time-averaged and fluctuating quantities, an idea first proposed by Osborne Reynolds . [ 1 ]