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  2. Free surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_surface

    Disturbed free surface of a sea, viewed from below. In physics, a free surface is the surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress, [1] such as the interface between two homogeneous fluids. [2] An example of two such homogeneous fluids would be a body of water (liquid) and the air in the Earth's atmosphere (gas mixture).

  3. Free surface effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_surface_effect

    A liquid hitting a wall in a container will cause sloshing. The free surface effect is a mechanism which can cause a watercraft to become unstable and capsize. [1]It refers to the tendency of liquids — and of unbound aggregates of small solid objects, like seeds, gravel, or crushed ore, whose behavior approximates that of liquids — to move in response to changes in the attitude of a craft ...

  4. Computational methods for free surface flow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_methods_for...

    Here σ is the surface tension, n, t and s are unit vectors in a local orthogonal coordinate system (n,t,s) at the free surface (n is outward normal to the free surface while the other two lie in the tangential plane and are mutually orthogonal). The indices 'l' and 'g' denote liquid and gas, respectively and K is the curvature of the free surface.

  5. Surface energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_energy

    The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence the surface energy). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, δA, a quantity of work, γ δA, is needed (where γ is the surface energy density of the liquid).

  6. Freeform surface modelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeform_surface_modelling

    Freeform surface modelling is a technique for engineering freeform surfaces with a CAD or CAID system.. The technology has encompassed two main fields. Either creating aesthetic surfaces (class A surfaces) that also perform a function; for example, car bodies and consumer product outer forms, or technical surfaces for components such as gas turbine blades and other fluid dynamic engineering ...

  7. Volume of fluid method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_of_fluid_method

    An illustration of fluid simulation using VOF method. In computational fluid dynamics, the volume of fluid (VOF) method is a family of free-surface modelling techniques, i.e. numerical techniques for tracking and locating the free surface (or fluid–fluid interface).

  8. Sea state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_state

    In oceanography, sea state is the general condition of the free surface on a large body of water—with respect to wind waves and swell—at a certain location and moment. A sea state is characterized by statistics, including the wave height, period, and spectrum. The sea state varies with time, as the wind and swell conditions change.

  9. Thermodynamic free energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy

    An example is surface free energy, the amount of increase of free energy when the area of surface increases by every unit area. The path integral Monte Carlo method is a numerical approach for determining the values of free energies, based on quantum dynamical principles.