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An assessment of around 180 ocean technologies found that the GWP of ocean technologies varies between 15 and 105 g/kWh of CO 2 eq, with an average of 53 g/kWh CO 2 eq. [10] In a tentative preliminary study, published in 2020, the environmental impact of subsea tidal kite technologies the GWP varied between 15 and 37, with a median value of 23. ...
The life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of solar farms are less than 50 gram (g) per kilowatt-hour (kWh), [99] [100] [101] but with battery storage could be up to 150 g/kWh. [102] In contrast, a combined cycle gas-fired power plant without carbon capture and storage emits around 500 g/kWh, and a coal-fired power plant about 1000 g/kWh. [103]
An emission intensity (also carbon intensity or C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP).
As a percentage of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide (CO 2) accounts for 72 percent (see Greenhouse gas), and has increased in concentration in the atmosphere from 315 parts per million (ppm) in 1958 to more than 375 ppm in 2005. [63] Emissions from energy make up more than 61.4 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions. [64]
The following table lists the 1970, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 annual GHG [n 1] emissions estimates (in kilotons of CO 2 equivalent per year) along with a list of calculated emissions per capita (in metric tons of CO 2 equivalent per year).
Bełchatów is the fifth largest coal-fired power plant in the world. [8] According to estimates, in 2018, it emitted 37.6 million tons of carbon dioxide, more than any other power station, with relative emissions estimated at 1.756 kg per kWh. The plant releases more carbon dioxide each year than the entirety of Switzerland. [9] [10]
[2] [a] They generate about a third of the world's electricity, [3] but cause many illnesses and the most early deaths per unit of energy produced, [4] mainly from air pollution. [5] [6] World installed capacity doubled from 2000 to 2023 and increased 2% in 2023. [7] A coal-fired power station is a type of fossil fuel power station.
The emission intensity of coal varies with type and generator technology and exceeds 1200 g per kWh in some countries. [160] In 2013, the head of the UN climate agency advised that most of the world's coal reserves should be left in the ground to avoid catastrophic global warming. [161]
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