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Escherichia coli (E. Coli) is the predominant microbial trigger of UTIs, accounting for 75% to 95% of reported cases. Other pathogens such as Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus can also cause UTIs. [2] [3] The use of antimicrobial therapy to treat UTIs started in the 20th century.
Breakpoints for the same organism and antibiotic may differ based on the site of infection: [29] for example, the CLSI generally defines Streptococcus pneumoniae as sensitive to intravenous penicillin if MICs are ≤0.06 μg/ml, intermediate if MICs are 0.12 to 1 μg/ml, and resistant if MICs are ≥2 μg/ml, but for cases of meningitis, the ...
The common dose is 2 g intravenously every 12 hours and the high dose, notably in critically ill patients, is 2g every 8 hours. Theoretical reasons exist for giving temocillin as a continuous intravenous infusion in severe disease [7] [8] a single loading dose of 2 g is given intravenously followed by a 4-g or 6-g infusion over 24 hours.
Nowadays, the MIC is used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The MIC is reported by providing the susceptibility interpretation next to each antibiotic. The different susceptibility interpretations are: "S" (susceptible or responding to a standard dosing regimen), "I" (intermediate or requiring increased exposure), and "R" (resistant).
It is often only used for two days until bacterial cultures determine what specific antibiotics the infection is sensitive to. [7] The dose required should be monitored by blood testing. [5] Gentamicin can cause inner ear problems and kidney problems. [5] The inner ear problems can include problems with balance and hearing loss. [5]
However, E. coli are extremely sensitive to such antibiotics as streptomycin or gentamicin. Recent research suggests treatment of enteropathogenic E. coli with antibiotics may significantly increase the chance of developing haemolytic-uremic syndrome. [12]
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Cefadroxil is a first-generation cephalosporin antibacterial drug that is the para-hydroxy derivative of cephalexin, and is used similarly in the treatment of mild to moderate susceptible infections such as the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, causing the disease popularly called strep throat or streptococcal tonsillitis, urinary tract infection, reproductive tract infection, and skin infections.