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An involution is non-defective, and each eigenvalue equals , so an involution diagonalizes to a signature matrix. A normal involution is Hermitian (complex) or symmetric (real) and also unitary (complex) or orthogonal (real). The determinant of an involutory matrix over any field is ±1. [4]
If A represents a linear involution, then x→A(x−b)+b is an affine involution. One can check that any affine involution in fact has this form. Geometrically this means that any affine involution can be obtained by taking oblique reflections against any number from 0 through n hyperplanes going through a point b.
An involution is a function f : X → X that, when applied twice, brings one back to the starting point. In mathematics, an involution, involutory function, or self-inverse function [1] is a function f that is its own inverse, f(f(x)) = x. for all x in the domain of f. [2] Equivalently, applying f twice produces the original value.
Free GNU GPL [11] Specialized CAS for group theory and combinatorics. GeoGebra CAS: Markus Hohenwarter et al. 2013 6.0.753.0: 3 January 2023: Free for non-commercial use [12] Freeware [12] Web-based or Desktop CAS Calculator GiNaC: Christian Bauer, Alexander Frink, Richard B. Kreckel, et al. 1999 1999 1.8.3: 23 March 2022: Free GNU GPL
If S is a commutative semigroup then the identity map of S is an involution.; If S is a group then the inversion map * : S → S defined by x* = x −1 is an involution. Furthermore, on an abelian group both this map and the one from the previous example are involutions satisfying the axioms of semigroup with involution.
The values of a Krawchouk matrix can also be calculated using a recurrence relation. Filling the top row with ones and the rightmost column with alternating binomial coefficients , the other entries are each given by the sum of the neighbouring entries to the top, topright and right.
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for the transformation, where T is an infinite-dimensional operator with matrix elements T nk. The transform is an involution, that is, = or, using index notation, = = where is the Kronecker delta. The original series can be regained by