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Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = b e mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 5 3 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.
Perl, Python (only modern versions) choose the remainder with the same sign as the divisor d. [6] Scheme offer two functions, remainder and modulo – Ada and PL/I have mod and rem, while Fortran has mod and modulo; in each case, the former agrees in sign with the dividend, and the latter with the divisor.
In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation.. Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor.
Here the quotent and remainder are chosen so that (if nonzero) the remainder has N(ρ 0) < N(β) for a "Euclidean function" N defined analogously to the Euclidean functions of Euclidean domains in the non-commutative case. [160] This equation shows that any common right divisor of α and β is likewise a common divisor of the remainder ρ 0 ...
00000000001110 100 1011 00000000000101 100 101 1 ----- 00000000000000 000 <--- remainder The following Python code outlines a function which will return the initial CRC remainder for a chosen input and polynomial, with either 1 or 0 as the initial padding. Note that this code works with string inputs rather than raw numbers:
The remainder using polynomial arithmetic modulo 2 is K(x) mod Z(x) = h m−1 x m−1 + ⋯ h 1 x + h 0. Then h(K) = (h m−1 …h 1 h 0) 2. If Z(x) is constructed to have t or fewer non-zero coefficients, then keys which share fewer than t bits are guaranteed to not collide.
Modular multiplicative inverses are used to obtain a solution of a system of linear congruences that is guaranteed by the Chinese Remainder Theorem. For example, the system X ≡ 4 (mod 5) X ≡ 4 (mod 7) X ≡ 6 (mod 11) has common solutions since 5,7 and 11 are pairwise coprime. A solution is given by
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.