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According to historian Stephen Wheatcroft, approximately 1 million of these deaths were "purposive" while the rest happened through neglect and irresponsibility. [2] The deaths of at least 5.5 to 6.5 million [14] persons in the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 are sometimes, though not always, included with the victims of the Stalin era. [2] [15]
Stalin's "Great Purge" of 1937 is often considered a crime against humanity, with deaths of 700,000 [178] [179] to 1.2 million. [ 180 ] The war crimes which were perpetrated by the Soviet Union 's armed forces from 1919 to 1991 include acts which were committed by the Red Army (later called the Soviet Army ) as well as acts which were committed ...
Along with the laughter it offers the reader unfamiliar with Stalin's legacy a number that is the first step in understanding Russia's modern tragedy. That number, once again, is twenty million." [ 9 ] In The New York Times Book Review , writer and critic Paul Berman called the work "one of the oddest books about Stalin ever written, indignant ...
The 2004 book The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933 by R. W. Davies and Stephen G. Wheatcroft gives an estimate of 5.5 to 6.5 million deaths. [193] The Encyclopædia Britannica estimates that 6 to 8 million people died from hunger in the Soviet Union during this period, of whom 4 to 5 million were Ukrainians. [194]
The figure of 20 million is supported by the analysis of Rosefielde, total excess deaths in the Stalin era of 45.4 million. 23.4 million in the war(1939-45) and 22.0 million due to Soviet repression( 8.9 million 1927-38 and 13.1 million from 1939-49) Neimark and Conquest are in close agreement with Rosefielde.
Deaths: 681,692 executions and 116,000 deaths in the Gulag system (official figures) [1] 700,000 to 1.2 million (estimated) [1] [2] [3]Perpetrators: Joseph Stalin, the NKVD (Genrikh Yagoda, Nikolai Yezhov, Lavrentiy Beria, Ivan Serov and others), Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrey Vyshinsky, Lazar Kaganovich, Kliment Voroshilov, Robert Eikhe and others
1.5 - 2.3 million [19] Some historians and scholars consider that this famine amounted to genocide of the Kazakhs. [20] The Soviet authorities undertook a campaign of persecution against the nomads in the Kazakhs, believing that the destruction of the class was a worthy sacrifice for the collectivization of Kazakhstan.
In his conversation with Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin gave his estimate of the number of "kulaks" who were repressed for resisting Soviet collectivization as 10 million, including those forcibly deported. [37] [38] Recent historians have estimated the death toll in the range of six to 13 million. [39]