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An aqueous battery is an electric battery that uses a water-based solution as an electrolyte.The aqueous batteries are known since 1860s, do not have the energy density and cycle life required by the grid storage and electric vehicles, [1] but are considered safe, reliable and inexpensive in comparison with the lithium-ion ones. [2]
The electrolyte used in the nanoFlowcell battery has an energy density of 600 Wh per litre, which is ten times the energy density of regular redox flow cells. [6] nanoFlowcell states that mass production cost for its "non-flammable and non-explosive" electrolyte is below 10 cents per litre. [7]
The global battery electrolyte market size was valued at USD 11.70 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach from USD 13.07 billion in 2025 to USD 31.65 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 11.69% during the forecast period (2025–2033).
The alkaline battery gets its name because it has an alkaline electrolyte of potassium hydroxide (KOH) instead of the acidic ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) or zinc chloride (ZnCl 2) electrolyte of the zinc–carbon batteries. Other battery systems also use alkaline electrolytes, but they use different active materials for the electrodes.
Molten-salt batteries are a class of battery that uses molten salts as an electrolyte and offers both a high energy density and a high power density. Traditional non-rechargeable thermal batteries can be stored in their solid state at room temperature for long periods of time before being activated by heating.
A typical flow battery consists of two tanks of liquids which are pumped past a membrane held between two electrodes. [1]A flow battery, or redox flow battery (after reduction–oxidation), is a type of electrochemical cell where chemical energy is provided by two chemical components dissolved in liquids that are pumped through the system on separate sides of a membrane.
The electrolyte mixture of potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide is not consumed in charging or discharging, so unlike a lead-acid battery the electrolyte specific gravity does not indicate state of charge. [7] The voltage required to charge the NiFe battery is equal to or greater than 1.6 volts per cell. [18]
The battery's design is safer than lithium-ion batteries, as the use of a flammable liquid electrolyte is avoided. [2] The battery can also be made using low-cost sodium instead of lithium. [2] The authors claim the battery has a much shorter charging time than Li-ion batteries—in minutes rather than hours.
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