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Non-LTP inducing stimuli cause alterations in spine morphology due to changes in actin polymerization. Presynaptically, axonal boutons undergo submicron displacements that indent the dendritic spines. [3] Postsynaptically, innervation causes dendritic spines to remodel by as much as 30% over a period of seconds. [4]
Spontaneous myelin repair does not result in morphologically normal oligodendrocytes and is associated with thinner myelin compared to axonal diameter than normal myelin. [51] Despite morphological abnormalities, however, remyelination does restore normal conduction. [52]
A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membrane protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse.Dendritic spines serve as a storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron's cell body.
Established collateral branches, like the main axon, exhibit a growth cone and develop independently of the main axon tip. Overall, axon elongation is the product of a process known as tip growth. In this process, new material is added at the growth cone while the remainder of the axonal cytoskeleton remains stationary.
Morphology is the study of the shape and structure of biological organisms, while morphogenesis is the study of the biological development of the shape and structure of organisms. Therefore, neuromorphology focuses on the specifics of the structure of the nervous system and not the process by which the structure was developed.
The long-term stabilization of synaptic changes is determined by a parallel increase of pre- and postsynaptic structures such as axonal bouton, dendritic spine and postsynaptic density. [15] On the molecular level, an increase of the postsynaptic scaffolding proteins PSD-95 and Homer1c has been shown to correlate with the stabilization of ...
A reconstruction of a pyramidal cell. Soma and dendrites are labeled in red, axon arbor in blue. (1) Soma, (2) Basal dendrite, (3) Apical dendrite, (4) Axon, (5) Collateral axon. One of the main structural features of the pyramidal neuron is the conic shaped soma, or cell body, after which the neuron is named.
The axon initial segment is unmyelinated and contains a specialized complex of proteins. It is between approximately 20 and 60 μm in length and functions as the site of action potential initiation. [10] [11] Both the position on the axon and the length of the AIS can change showing a degree of plasticity that can fine-tune the neuronal output.