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The US government in 1812 was run by President James Madison, who represented the Democratic-Republican Party. [6] President Madison was a key driving force in the declaration of war. [7] As president, he created a declaration of war speech, which he presented to Congress, arguing that war was a necessary measure. [7]
While American popular memory includes the British capture and the August 1814 burning of Washington, which necessitated extensive renovation, [14] it focused on the victories at Baltimore, Plattsburgh, and New Orleans to present the war as a successful effort to assert American national honor, or a Second War of Independence, in which the mighty British Empire was humbled and humiliated. [15]
The main focus of British foreign policy was the Congress of Vienna, at which British diplomats had clashed with Russian and Prussian diplomats over the terms of the peace with France and there were fears that Britain might have to go to war with Russia and Prussia. Export trade was all but paralyzed and France was no longer an enemy of Britain ...
William focused most of his attention on foreign policy and foreign wars, spending a great deal of time in the Netherlands (where he continued to hold the dominant political office). His closest foreign-policy advisers were Dutch, most notably William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland; they shared little information with their English counterparts ...
According to Historian Andrew Lambert, the British had one main goal as a response to the invasion of the Canada, that was the prosecution of war against the United states and to defend British North America: "The British had no interest in fighting this war, and once it began, they had one clear goal: keep the United States from taking any part of Canada". [12]
16 August – War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit without a fight to the British Army. 19 August – War of 1812: USS Constitution defeats the British frigate Guerrière off the coast of Nova Scotia. 5 October–10 November – A general election sees victory for the Tory Party under Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of ...
The Late War is a history of the War of 1812.It begins with President James Madison and the congressional declaration of war, writing "James, whose sir-name was Madison, delivered a written paper to the Great Sanhedrin of the people, who were assembled together."
British foreign policy was set by George Canning (1822–1827), who avoided close cooperation with other powers. Britain, with its unchallenged Royal Navy and increasing financial wealth and industrial strength, built its foreign policy on the principle that no state should be allowed to dominate the Continent.