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Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical" is an essay by John Rawls, published in 1985. [1] In it he describes his conception of justice. It comprises two main principles of liberty and equality; the second is subdivided into fair equality of opportunity and the difference principle .
The four principles that form the core of the Beauchamp/Childress work are: Respect for autonomy [11] Nonmaleficence [11] Beneficence (ethics) [11] Justice [11] Weinstein's work simplifies the principles, so that, for example, the principle of nonmaleficence becomes "do no harm", and the principle of beneficence becomes "make things better."
John Bordley Rawls (/ r ɔː l z /; [2] February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American moral, legal and political philosopher in the modern liberal tradition. [3] [4] Rawls has been described as one of the most influential political philosophers of the 20th century.
The resultant theory was challenged and refined several times in the decades following its original publication in 1971. A significant reappraisal was published in the 1985 essay "Justice as Fairness" and the 2001 book Justice as Fairness: A Restatement in which Rawls further developed his two central principles for his discussion of justice ...
The cardinal virtues are four virtues of mind and character in classical philosophy. They are prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. They form a virtue theory of ethics. The term cardinal comes from the Latin cardo (hinge); [1] these four virtues are called "cardinal" because all other virtues fall under them and hinge upon them. [2]
God's justice is rooted in an unwavering fairness, devoid of favoritism. The epistle to the Colossians further reinforces the notion of impartiality, stating that those who commit wrongdoings will be held accountable for their actions without any partiality based on their personhood.
In computer science, fairness is a property of unbounded nondeterminism. In computer science, and specifically in machine learning, fairness is a desirable property of algorithms to avoid bias. In network engineering, access to resources formally rated by a fairness measure; In game theory, abstract principles for achieving fair division
From that precondition arises the need for principles to resolve competing interest and claims concerning a just or at least morally preferable distribution of scarce resources. [1] In social psychology, distributive justice is defined as perceived fairness of how rewards and costs are shared by (distributed across) group members. [2]