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The squared Euclidean distance between two points, equal to the sum of squares of the differences between their coordinates; Heron's formula for the area of a triangle can be re-written as using the sums of squares of a triangle's sides (and the sums of the squares of squares) The British flag theorem for rectangles equates two sums of two ...
In statistical data analysis the total sum of squares (TSS or SST) is a quantity that appears as part of a standard way of presenting results of such analyses. For a set of observations, y i , i ≤ n {\displaystyle y_{i},i\leq n} , it is defined as the sum over all squared differences between the observations and their overall mean y ...
The explained sum of squares (ESS) is the sum of the squares of the deviations of the predicted values from the mean value of a response variable, in a standard regression model — for example, y i = a + b 1 x 1i + b 2 x 2i + ... + ε i, where y i is the i th observation of the response variable, x ji is the i th observation of the j th ...
In number theory, the sum of squares function is an arithmetic function that gives the number of representations for a given positive integer n as the sum of k squares, where representations that differ only in the order of the summands or in the signs of the numbers being squared are counted as different.
If the sum of squares were not normalized, its value would always be larger for the sample of 100 people than for the sample of 20 people. To scale the sum of squares, we divide it by the degrees of freedom, i.e., calculate the sum of squares per degree of freedom, or variance. Standard deviation, in turn, is the square root of the variance.
The general regression model with n observations and k explanators, the first of which is a constant unit vector whose coefficient is the regression intercept, is = + where y is an n × 1 vector of dependent variable observations, each column of the n × k matrix X is a vector of observations on one of the k explanators, is a k × 1 vector of true coefficients, and e is an n× 1 vector of the ...
In mathematics and statistics, sums of powers occur in a number of contexts: . Sums of squares arise in many contexts. For example, in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem involves the sum of two squares; in number theory, there are Legendre's three-square theorem and Jacobi's four-square theorem; and in statistics, the analysis of variance involves summing the squares of quantities.
Square number 16 as sum of gnomons. In mathematics, a square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square of an integer; [1] in other words, it is the product of some integer with itself. For example, 9 is a square number, since it equals 3 2 and can be written as 3 × 3.