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  2. English orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography

    English orthography does not always provide an underlying representation; sometimes it provides an intermediate representation between the underlying form and the surface pronunciation. This is the case with the spelling of the regular plural morpheme, which is written as either - s (as in tat, tats and hat, hats ) or - es (as in glass, glasses ).

  3. List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_typographical...

    Typographical symbols and punctuation marks are marks and symbols used in typography with a variety of purposes such as to help with legibility and accessibility, or to identify special cases. This list gives those most commonly encountered with Latin script. For a far more comprehensive list of symbols and signs, see List of Unicode characters.

  4. Orthography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography

    An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, punctuation, word boundaries, capitalization, hyphenation, and emphasis. Most national and international languages have an established writing system that has undergone substantial standardization, thus exhibiting less dialect variation than the spoken ...

  5. Sound correspondences between English accents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_correspondences...

    The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) can be used to represent sound correspondences among various accents and dialects of the English language.. These charts give a diaphoneme for each sound, followed by its realization in different dialects.

  6. Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard...

    some English phoneticians and phonologists use acute and grave accents as primary and secondary stress symbols. Some linguists [14] use the circumflex as weakened primary stress in compound words and the breve as no stress. these symbols are also written on the English spellings not just other IPA symbols. ̩, ̍: Vertical line below or above ...

  7. International Phonetic Alphabet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic...

    The official chart of the IPA, revised in 2020. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script.It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for the sounds of speech. [1]

  8. Writing system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system

    For broader coverage of this topic, see Writing. A writing system comprises a set of symbols, called a script, as well as the rules by which the script represents a particular language. The earliest writing was invented during the late 4th millennium BC. Throughout history, each writing system invented without prior knowledge of writing gradually evolved from a system of proto-writing that ...

  9. List of Latin-script digraphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs

    In French orthography, it represents a /ɑ̃/ when it is followed by a b or a p. ẽm is used in Portuguese for /ẽĩ/ at the end of a word. ém is used in Portuguese for /ɐĩ̯ ~ ẽĩ̯/ at the end of a word. êm is used in Portuguese for /ɐĩ̯ ~ ẽĩ̯/ at the end of a word and /ẽ/ before a consonant.