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Synovial fluid is an ultrafiltrate from blood, and contains proteins derived from the blood plasma and proteins that are produced by cells within the joint tissues. [4] The fluid contains hyaluronan secreted by fibroblast-like cells in the synovial membrane, lubricin (proteoglycan 4; PRG4 ) secreted by the surface chondrocytes of the articular ...
Serous membrane fluid collects on microvilli on the outer layer and acts as a lubricant and reduces friction from muscle movement. This can be seen in the lungs, with the pleural cavity. Pericardial fluid is a serous fluid secreted by the serous layer of the pericardium into the pericardial cavity. The pericardium consists of two layers, an ...
In hydrostatic lubrication, external pressure is applied to the lubricant in the bearing to maintain the fluid lubricant film where it would otherwise be squeezed out. In hydrodynamic lubrication, the motion of the contacting surfaces, as well as the design of the bearing, pump lubricant around the bearing to maintain the lubricating film.
Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles. [35] Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins. [32]
Here a key goal of lubrication theory is to determine the pressure distribution in the fluid volume, and hence the forces on the bearing components. The working fluid in this case is often termed a lubricant. Free film lubrication theory is concerned with the case in which one of the surfaces containing the fluid is a free surface. In that case ...
That is, the Bohr effect refers to the shift in the oxygen dissociation curve caused by changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide or the pH of the environment. Since carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, an increase in CO 2 results in a decrease in blood pH, [2] resulting in hemoglobin proteins releasing their load of ...
When examining blood oxygen levels, scientists found that lower oxygen levels during sleep was correlated with both higher hippocampal volume and white matter hyperintensities, or areas of brain ...
The narrowing of blood vessels leads to an increase in peripheral resistance, thereby elevating blood pressure. While vasoconstriction is a normal and essential regulatory mechanism for maintaining blood pressure and redistributing blood flow during various physiological processes, its dysregulation can contribute to pathological conditions.