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The phrase 'Cabang Atas' was first used by the colonial Indonesian historian Liem Thian Joe in his book Riwajat Semarang (published in 1933). [1] The term refers to a small group of old gentry families that dominated the Dutch colonial institution of the Chinese officership (see 'Kapitan Cina'); this was colonial Indonesia's equivalent of the Chinese mandarinate.
The Be family of Bagelen rose up economically and socially through its intimate association with the more established Tan family of Semarang, one of Java’s most powerful Cabang Atas families. [1] [2] Kebon Dalem, the Semarang residence of Majoor Be Biauw Tjoan, 1870 The private Javanese orchestra of Majoor Be Biauw Tjoan, 1857-1872
Tan Ndjiang Nio (1825–1870), better known as Njonja Majoor Be Biauw Tjoan, was a Peranakan aristocrat of the 'Cabang Atas' elite of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). [1] [2] [3] A lynchpin of her class, she was the wife, daughter, granddaughter, sister, daughter-in-law and mother-in-law of Semarang's Majoors der Chinezen. [2]
Liem wrote Riwajat Semarang as a series of articles for Djawa Tengah Review from March 1931 until July 1933, before having it published in book form by Ho Kim Yoe in 1933. [1] In the book, he coined the term Cabang Atas, Malay for 'upper branch', to describe the baba bangsawan or the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia. [4]
Semarang has also been called 'The city of Jamu' because it is an important centre for the production of jamu which are a range of Indonesian herbal medicines that are popular across Indonesia [55] Semawis Market, also known as Pecinan Semarang (Semarang's Chinatown), hosts a plethora of street food vendors, offering a wide varieties of dishes.
Despite their wealth, noted Howard Dick, Oei's family was still 'one step removed from the peranakan aristocracy (cabang atas)'. [8] In 1884, Oei arranged for his eldest son and chosen successor, Oei Tiong Ham, to marry Goei Bing-nio, the fourth daughter of a Cabang Atas family that had been prominent in Semarang for over a century.
In particular, northern coastal cities such as Semarang, Tegal, and Pekalongan can boast European colonial architecture. The European and Chinese influence can be seen in Semarang's temple of Sam Poo Kong dedicated to Zheng He and the Domed Church built in 1753. The latter is the second-oldest church in Java and the oldest in Central Java.
Thio Thiam Tjong and his siblings at their family house in Semarang in the 1910s. Thio was born in 1896 in Semarang, Central Java, into a prominent family on both sides. [2] [3] [6] His father, the wealthy businessman Thio Sing Liong (1871–1940), was a third-generation Peranakan Chinese and the founder of Handel Maatschappij Thio Sing Liong, a leading export–import company. [4]