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Gut microbiota impacts many facets of human health, even neurological disorders that can be caused by molecule or hormone imbalance. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), [1] central nervous system dysfunction [1] and depression [40] have all been found to be impacted by the microbiota. Blood-brain barrier transport
Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota .
Graphic depicting the human skin microbiota, with relative prevalences of various classes of bacteria. The human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, [1] [2] including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung ...
Co-occurrence networks show difference in gut microbiota between herbivorous and carnivorous cichlids Nodes coloured according to phylum. The herbivore network has higher complexity (156 nodes and 339 edges) compared to the carnivore network (21 nodes and 70 edges).
Gut microbiota of the fruit fly can affect the way its gut looks, by impacting epithelial renewal rate, cellular spacing, and the composition of different cell types in the epithelium. [41] When the moth Spodoptera exigua is infected with baculovirus immune-related genes are downregulated and the amount of its gut microbiota increases. [42]
For example, microbial symbiosis plays a crucial role in the immune system. The microorganisms that make up the gut flora in the gastrointestinal tract contribute to gut immunity, synthesize vitamins such as folic acid and biotin, and ferment complex indigestible carbohydrates. [109]
Bryoliths document a mutualistic symbiosis between a hermit crab and encrusting bryozoans. Many herbivores have mutualistic gut flora to help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. [5] This gut flora comprises cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. [40]
Cellulase enzymes are used to break down cellulose which is found in plants' cell walls. The termites, the gut protist Trichonympha, and the cellulase-producing bacteria are all involved in a 3-way obligate symbiotic mutualism. The termites benefit from the other two species because they transform the wood into nutrients that the termites can ...