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  2. Reinforced concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete

    The first reinforced concrete building in Southern California was the Laughlin Annex in downtown Los Angeles, constructed in 1905. [16] [17] In 1906, 16 building permits were reportedly issued for reinforced concrete buildings in the City of Los Angeles, including the Temple Auditorium and 8-story Hayward Hotel. [18] [19]

  3. Structural engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering

    Structures were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. [3] No record exists of the first calculations of the strength of structural members or the behavior of structural material, but the profession of a structural engineer only really took shape with the Industrial Revolution and the re-invention of concrete (see History of ...

  4. Types of concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_concrete

    Modern concrete mix designs can be complex. The choice of a concrete mix depends on the need of the project both in terms of strength and appearance and in relation to local legislation and building codes. The design begins by determining the requirements of the concrete.

  5. Structural engineering theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering_theory

    The safe design of structures requires a design approach which takes account of the statistical likelihood of the failure of the structure. Structural design codes are based upon the assumption that both the loads and the material strengths vary with a normal distribution. [citation needed]

  6. List of construction methods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Construction_methods

    construction site workers loading water, sand, ballast and cement into a concrete mixer. Concrete is typically used in commercial buildings and civil engineering projects, for its strength and durability. Concrete is a mix of cement and water plus an aggregate such as sand or stone. Its compression strength means it can support heavy weights. [5]

  7. Properties of concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_concrete

    Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]

  8. Structural material - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_material

    Concrete is used extremely widely in building and civil engineering structures, due to its low cost, flexibility, durability, and high strength. It also has high resistance to fire. Concrete is a non-linear, non-elastic and brittle material. It is strong in compression and very weak in tension. It behaves non-linearly at all times.

  9. Prestressed concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed_concrete

    Post-tensioned concrete is a variant of prestressed concrete where the tendons are tensioned after the surrounding concrete structure has been cast. [ 1 ] : 25 The tendons are not placed in direct contact with the concrete, but are encapsulated within a protective sleeve or duct which is either cast into the concrete structure or placed ...

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