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Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of lung infection that occurs in people who are on mechanical ventilation breathing machines in hospitals. As such, VAP typically affects critically ill persons that are in an intensive care unit (ICU) and have been on a mechanical ventilator for at least 48 hours.
Mechanical ventilation is often a life-saving intervention, but carries potential complications. A common complication of positive pressure ventilation stemming directly from the ventilator settings include volutrauma and barotrauma. [11] [12] Others include pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, and pneumoperitoneum.
VALI is most common in people receiving mechanical ventilation for acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). [1] 24 percent of people mechanically ventilated will develop VALI for reasons other than ALI or ARDS. [1] The incidence is probably higher among people who already have ALI/ARDS, but estimates vary widely. [1]
Barotrauma is a recognised complication of mechanical ventilation that can occur in any patient receiving mechanical ventilation, but is most commonly associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. It used to be the most common complication of mechanical ventilation but can usually be avoided by limiting tidal volume and plateau pressure ...
Rheotrauma is a medical term for the harm caused to a patient's lungs by high gas flows as delivered by mechanical ventilation. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Although mechanical ventilation may prevent death of a patient from the hypoxia or hypercarbia which may be caused by respiratory failure , it can also be damaging to the lungs, leading to ventilator ...
To alleviate bronchopulmonary dysplasia, caffeine is another commonly used treatment that reduces inflammation and increases lung volume thereby improving extubation success and decreasing the duration of mechanical ventilation. [16] Viral immunization is important for these children who have a higher risk of infections in the respiratory tract ...
The IDSA has recommended that children and infants with symptoms of CAP should be hospitalized so they have access to pediatric nursing care. [148] In 2011, pneumonia was the most common reason for admission to the hospital after an emergency department visit in the U.S. for infants and children. [149]
Mechanical ventilation aims to reduce pulmonary edema and increase oxygenation. [27] Ventilation can reopen collapsed alveoli, but it is harmful for them to be repeatedly opened, and positive pressure ventilation can also damage the lung by overinflating it. [ 57 ]