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Amenorrhea or amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a female who has reached reproductive age. [1] Physiological states of amenorrhoea are most commonly seen during pregnancy and lactation (breastfeeding). [1] Amenorrhoea is a symptom with many potential causes. [2]
Galactorrhea can take place as a result of dysregulation of certain hormones.Hormonal causes most frequently associated with galactorrhea are hyperprolactinemia and thyroid conditions with elevated levels [a] of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).
Male lactation was of some interest to Alexander von Humboldt, who reports in Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent about a citizen of the Venezuelan village of Arenas (close to Cumana) who allegedly nurtured his son for three months when his wife was ill, [1] as well as Charles Darwin, who commented on it in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871):
The continuing of breastfeeding, while introducing solids after 6 months, to 12 months were shown to have an efficiency rate of 92.6 – 96.3 percent in pregnancy prevention. [13] Because of this some women find that breastfeeding interferes with fertility even after ovulation has resumed. The Seven Standards: Phase 1 of Ecological Breastfeeding
Puerperal mastitis is the inflammation of the breast in connection with pregnancy, breastfeeding or weaning. Since one of the most prominent symptoms is tension and engorgement of the breast, it is thought to be caused by blocked milk ducts or milk excess. It is relatively common; estimates range depending on methodology between 5–33%.
To reduce pregnancy risk to below 1% per year, there are an average of 13 days where abstinence or backup must be used during each cycle. [38] For women with very irregular cycles—such as those common during breastfeeding, perimenopause, or with hormonal diseases such as PCOS—abstinence or the use of barriers may be required for months at a ...
Milky discharge in a non-pregnant, non-breast feeding women is evaluated differently to other abnormal nipple discharge. [4] Often, the cause can be determined based on symptoms and examination. [5] Blood tests may be done to rule out low thyroid or high prolactin. [7] Other tests may include mammography, breast ultrasound, breast biopsy, or ...
Pregnancy can result in up to 25% of the user population per year for users of the symptoms-based or calendar-based methods, depending on the method used and how carefully it was practised. Natural family planning has shown very weak and contradictory results in pre-selecting the sex of a child, with the exception of a Nigerian study at odds ...