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Bombs typically rupture within 30 seconds to half an hour, dependent largely on the temperature of the air outside the bottle. [1] A dry ice bomb may develop frost on its exterior prior to explosion. [1] After explosion, it appears to have shattered, with the overall shape of the device intact. [1]
In mid-September 1954, nuclear bombing tests were performed at the Totskoye proving ground during the training exercise Snezhok (Russian: Снежок, Snowball or Light Snow) with some 45,000 people, all Soviet soldiers and officers, [3] who explored the explosion site of a bomb twice as powerful as the one dropped on Nagasaki nine years earlier.
Car bomb: A vehicle is packed with explosives and detonated. Cluster bomb: Over a hundred nations outlaw them now. The first one was Butterfly Bomb: Germany: General-purpose bomb: Glide bomb: Guided bomb: Improvised explosive device: Land mine: Explodes when pressure is applied to the bomb. Outlawed in 164 nations. 1832 Ming Dynasty: Laser ...
The 1951 Shot Uncle of Operation Buster-Jangle, had a yield about a tenth of the 13 to 16 Kt Hiroshima bomb, 1.2 Kt, [193] and was detonated 5.2 m (17 ft) beneath ground level. [194] No thermal flash of heat energy was emitted to the surroundings in this shallow buried test. [193] The explosion resulted in a cloud that rose to 3.5 km (11,500 ft ...
The optimum height of burst to maximize this desired severe ground range destruction for a 1 kt bomb is 0.22 km; for 100 kt, 1 km; and for 10 Mt, 4.7 km. Two distinct, simultaneous phenomena are associated with the blast wave in the air: Static overpressure, i.e., the sharp increase in pressure exerted by the shock wave. The overpressure at any ...
Typical nuclear weapon yields used during Cold War planning for EMP attacks were in the range of 1 to 10 Mt (4.2 to 41.8 PJ). [35]: 39 This is roughly 50 to 500 times the size of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs. Physicists have testified at United States Congressional hearings that weapons with yields of 10 kt (42 TJ) or less can produce a ...
A similar envelope can be used to reduce the critical size of the bomb, but here the envelope has an additional role: its very inertia delays the expansion of the reacting material. For this reason such an envelope is often called a tamper. Use of a tamper clearly makes for a longer lasting, more energetic and more efficient explosion. [1]
For 1 MeV energy gamma rays, an exposure of 1 röntgen in air produces a dose of about 0.01 gray (1 centigray, cGy) in water or surface tissue. Because of shielding by the tissue surrounding the bones, the bone marrow only receives about 0.67 cGy when the air exposure is 1 röntgen and the surface skin dose is 1 cGy.