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An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]
Electrostatic interactions are generally too weak to be considered traditional bonds or are prevented from forming a traditional bond, possibly by a steric effect. A bond is usually defined as two atoms approaching closer than the sum of their Van der Waal radii. Hydrogen bonding borders on being an actual "bond" and an electrostatic ...
A business would need to donate its own money to receive a tax break. [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] There is a near-unanimous consensus among economists that import tariffs have a net-negative effect on economic growth and welfare, and harm consumers through higher prices by more than they benefit domestic producers and governments.
Texas has a coastline on the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast. Covering 268,596 square miles (695,660 km 2), and with some 31 million residents as of 2024, [5] it is the second-largest state by both area and population. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State for its former status as an independent republic. [10]
Three teens face charges after a Marta bus driver, identified as Leroy Ramos, was killed, officials say.
Texas is ranked as the 8th largest economy among nations of the world by nominal GDP, ahead of Canada, South Korea, Russia, and Australia. [10] In 2019, Texas had a median household income of $61,874. [11] As of August 31, 2022 Texas had a total of $64.40 billion in state debt outstanding, including both general obligation and revenue debt.
New tests done by the Environmental Working Group have found 21 oat-based cereals and snack bars popular amongst children to have "troubling levels of glyphosate." The chemical, which is the ...