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However, vectors may also have elements that allow them to be maintained in another organism such as yeast, plant or mammalian cells, and these vectors are called shuttle vectors. Such vectors have bacterial or viral elements which may be transferred to the non-bacterial host organism, however other vectors termed intragenic vectors have also ...
Viral vectors are employed for cellular reprogramming, like inducing pluripotent stem cells or differentiating adult somatic cells into different cell types. [9] Researchers also use viral vectors to create transgenic mice and rats for experiments. [10] Viral vectors can be used for in vivo imaging via the introduction of a reporter gene.
How vectors work to transfer genetic material. Gene therapy utilizes the delivery of DNA into cells, which can be accomplished by several methods, summarized below. The two major classes of methods are those that use recombinant viruses (sometimes called biological nanoparticles or viral vectors) and those that use naked DNA or DNA complexes (non-viral methods).
The assumption that solution properties are independent of nature of solute particles is exact only for ideal solutions, which are solutions that exhibit thermodynamic properties analogous to those of an ideal gas, and is approximate for dilute real solutions. In other words, colligative properties are a set of solution properties that can be ...
More generally, the solution set to an arbitrary collection E of relations (E i) (i varying in some index set I) for a collection of unknowns (), supposed to take values in respective spaces (), is the set S of all solutions to the relations E, where a solution () is a family of values (()) such that substituting () by () in the collection E makes all relations "true".
A matrix () is called a fundamental matrix solution if the columns form a basis of the solution set. A matrix Φ ( t ) {\displaystyle \Phi (t)} is called a principal fundamental matrix solution if all columns are linearly independent solutions and there exists t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} such that Φ ( t 0 ) {\displaystyle \Phi (t_{0})} is the ...
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In mathematics and physics, a vector space (also called a linear space) is a set whose elements, often called vectors, can be added together and multiplied ("scaled") by numbers called scalars. The operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication must satisfy certain requirements, called vector axioms .