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DISH is diagnosed by findings on x-ray studies. Radiographs of the spine will show abnormal bone formation (ossification) along the anterior spinal ligament. The disc spaces, facet and sacroiliac joints remain unaffected. Diagnosis requires confluent ossification of at least four contiguous vertebral bodies. [2]
Idiopathic causes, such as vertebral wedging or other abnormalities, can be confirmed through X-ray. Osteoporosis, a potential cause of kyphosis, can be confirmed with a bone density scan. Postural thoracic kyphosis can often be treated with posture reeducation and focused strengthening exercises.
The most common location is the midthoracic vertebrae, especially the eighth (T8). [6] Neurologic signs result from severe angulation of the spine, narrowing of the spinal canal, instability of the spine, and luxation or fracture of the vertebrae. Signs include rear limb weakness or paralysis, urinary or fecal incontinence, and spinal pain. [5]
Spinal stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the spinal ... It can be classified by the part of the spine affected into cervical, thoracic, ... X-rays are performed ...
Diagnosis is confirmed with X-rays. [2] Scoliosis is typically classified as either structural in which the curve is fixed, or functional in which the underlying spine is normal. [2] Left-right asymmetries, of the vertebrae and their musculature, especially in the thoracic region, [12] may cause mechanical instability of the spinal column.
Gibbus deformity in a chest X-ray (frontal and lateral) of an old woman. Gibbus deformity is a form of structural kyphosis typically found in the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, where one or more adjacent vertebrae become wedged.
Physicians must perform physical and neurological examinations, which includes looking at height, asymmetry in the back, chest, ribs, and other areas of the torso, balance and coordination, and even pain. In addition to physical examinations, physicians may order X-ray or MRI scans. These tests will verify any concerns. [7]
Lordosis is historically defined as an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar spine. [1] [2] However, the terms lordosis and lordotic are also used to refer to the normal inward curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the human spine. [3] [4] Similarly, kyphosis historically refers to abnormal convex curvature of the spine