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In 1825, Bouchet and Cazauvieilh described palpable firmness and atrophy of the uncus and medial temporal lobe of brains from epileptic and non-epileptic individuals. [4]: 565 In 1880, Wilhelm Sommer investigated 90 brains and described the classical Ammon's horn sclerosis pattern, severe neuronal cell loss in hippocampal subfield cornum Ammonis 1 (CA1) and some neuronal cell loss in ...
In LATE, MRI may reveal severe atrophy in the medial temporal lobe, particularly in the hippocampus and amygdala, which are key areas affected by TDP-43 pathology, and may indicate hippocampal sclerosis. [57] [54] Other MRI abnormalities have recently been also observed in association with LATE. [58]
In Alzheimer's disease (and other forms of dementia), the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; [8] short-term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation , encephalitis, or medial temporal lobe epilepsy.
The medial temporal lobe structures are critical for long-term memory, and include the hippocampal formation, perirhinal cortex, parahippocampal, and entorhinal neocortical regions. [ 4 ] : 196 [ 5 ] The hippocampus is critical for memory formation, and the surrounding medial temporal cortex is currently theorized to be critical for memory storage.
Brain CT with different grading systems of cerebral atrophy (seen as decreased size of gyri and secondary increased size of sulci): [19] - Medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) - Posterior atrophy (PA) - Frontal cortical atrophy (fGCA) CT and MRI are most commonly used to observe the brain for cerebral atrophy.
An overlap between symptoms can occur as the disease progresses and spreads through the brain regions. [14] Structural MRI scans often reveal frontal lobe and/or anterior temporal lobe atrophy, but in early cases the scan may seem normal. Atrophy can be either bilateral or asymmetric. [13]
The primary physical manifestations of CTE include a reduction in brain weight, associated with atrophy of the frontal and temporal cortices and medial temporal lobe. The lateral ventricles and the third ventricle are often enlarged, with rare instances of dilation of the fourth ventricle . [ 16 ]
In most elderly people, presence of severe WMH and medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) was linked with an increase in frequency of mild cognitive deficits.Studies suggest that a combination of MTA and severe WMH showed more than a fourfold increase in the frequency of mild cognitive deficits. [10]