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Class discrimination, also known as classism, is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of social class. It includes individual attitudes, behaviors, systems of policies and practices that are set up to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class .
Class, race, and gender also have similar effects on individuals sense of belonging in academic institutions. [47] Students from lower social class backgrounds tend to experience increased anxiety about confirming to negative stereotypes about their social class when a test is framed as diagnostic of ability, and inevitably perform worse as a ...
Although much of the research on stereotype threat has examined the effects of coping with negative stereotype on academic performance, recently there has been an emphasis on how coping with stereotype threat could "spillover" to dampen self-control and thereby affect a much broader category of behaviors, even in non-stereotyped domains. [78]
Conversely, negative personal characteristics like anxiety, depressive symptoms, heightened stress, negative affect, and mental illness can lower students' perceptions of school belonging. [2] Emotional instability can further influence school belonging by negatively affecting students' educational experiences.
In contrast, lacking belonging and being excluded is perceived as painful and has a variety of negative effects including, shame, anger and depression. [11] Because belongingness is a central component of human functioning, social exclusion has been found to influence many behavioral , cognitive , and emotional outcomes.
Status inconsistency is a situation where an individual's social positions have both positive and negative influences on his or her social status. For example, a teacher may have a positive societal image (respect, prestige) which increases their status but may earn little money , which simultaneously decreases their status.
There is a tendency to focus more on the positive behavior of one's own group and the negative behaviors of other groups. This promotes negative Smartphone thoughts of people belonging to those other groups, reinforcing stereotypical beliefs. [84] "Viewers seem to react to violence with emotions such as anger and contempt.
He found that while racial mismatch of teacher and student had negative effects on academic achievement in regular sized classes, this effect was absent in small classes. Finn et al. (2005) [27] concluded that three years or more of small classes in the early grades increased the odds of graduating from high school of low-SES students by about ...