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Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States [3] U.S. ranks have their roots in British military traditions, with the president possessing ultimate authority, but no rank, maintaining a civilian status. [4]
The traditional legal view of the Decision of 1789, held by some of the United States' leading figures, was that it supported the existence of the presidential removal power. Writing as Pacificus, Alexander Hamilton stated that the Decision of 1789 construed the Constitution as placing full executive removal power with the President. [8]
In American law, the unitary executive theory is a Constitutional law theory according to which the President of the United States has sole authority over the executive branch. [1] It is "an expansive interpretation of presidential power that aims to centralize greater control over the government in the White House". [2]
Section 1 vests the judicial power of the United States in federal courts and, with it, the authority to interpret and apply the law to a particular case. Also included is the power to punish, sentence, and direct future action to resolve conflicts. The Constitution outlines the U.S. judicial system.
Similar clauses are found in Article I and Article III; the former bestows federal legislative power exclusively to the United States Congress, and the latter grants judicial power solely to the United States Supreme Court, and other federal courts established by law.
President Andrew Jackson interpreted these clauses as expressly creating a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government. [1] In contrast, Victoria F. Nourse has argued that the Vesting Clauses do not create the separation of powers, and it actually arises from the representation and appointment clauses elsewhere in ...
The executive branch is established in Article Two of the United States Constitution, which vests executive power in the president of the United States. [14] [15] The president is both the head of state (performing ceremonial functions) and the head of government (the chief executive). [16]
Article One, Section 3, Clause 6 refers to a "Chief Justice" (who shall preside over the impeachment trial of the President of the United States). Since the Judiciary Act of 1869 was enacted, the number of justices has been fixed at nine: one chief justice, and eight associate justices.