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On October 25, 2006, Mari Brás became the first person to receive a Certificate of Puerto Rican Citizenship from the Puerto Rico Department of State. [87] The Certificate of Puerto Rican Citizenship can be used to obtain dual nationality in Spain, as it is considered proof of Ibero-American heritage. [88]
The following wave of Puerto Ricans to move to New York did so after the Spanish–American War of 1898 made Puerto Rico a U.S. possession and after the Jones–Shafroth Act of 1917 gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship, which allows travel without the need of a passport between the island and the United States mainland. The largest wave of ...
By 1953, Puerto Rican migration to New York reached its peak when 75,000 people left the island. [11] Ricky Martin at the annual Puerto Rican parade in New York City. Operation Bootstrap ("Operación Manos a la Obra") is the name given to the ambitious projects which industrialized Puerto Rico in the mid-20th century engineered by Teodoro ...
The Jones–Shafroth Act (Pub. L. 64–368, 39 Stat. 951, enacted March 2, 1917) – also known as the Jones Act of Puerto Rico, Jones Law of Puerto Rico, or as the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act of 1917 – was an Act of the United States Congress, signed by President Woodrow Wilson on March 2, 1917.
Specified effective dates in the territories include April 11, 1899, for Guam and Puerto Rico; [107] January 17, 1917, for the U.S. Virgin Islands; [108] and November 4, 1986, for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. [109] Since passage of the Nationality Act of 1952, people born in these territories acquire nationality at birth. [106]
The law revised "the existing nationality laws of the U.S. into a more complete nationality code"; it defined those persons who were "eligible for citizenship through birth or naturalization" and clarified "the status of individuals and their children born or residing in the continental U.S., its territories such as Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico ...
Between the 1950s and the 1980s, large numbers of Puerto Ricans migrated to New York, especially to Brooklyn, The Bronx, and the Spanish Harlem and Loisaida neighborhoods of Manhattan. Labor recruitment was the basis of this particular community. In 1960, about 70% of stateside Puerto Ricans lived in New York City. [43]
U.S. federal law applies to Puerto Rico, even though Puerto Rico is not a state of the American Union and their residents have no voting representation in the U.S. Congress. Because of the establishment of the Federal Relations Act of 1950, all federal laws that are "not locally inapplicable" are automatically the law of the land in Puerto Rico.