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  2. Complex number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number

    Complex numbers allow solutions to all polynomial equations, even those that have no solutions in real numbers. More precisely, the fundamental theorem of algebra asserts that every non-constant polynomial equation with real or complex coefficients has a solution which is a complex number.

  3. Ramanujan's sum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanujan's_sum

    Download as PDF; Printable version; ... All the formulas in this section are from Ramanujan's 1918 paper. ... and s is a complex number, ...

  4. Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formula

    In fact, the same proof shows that Euler's formula is even valid for all complex numbers x. A point in the complex plane can be represented by a complex number written in cartesian coordinates. Euler's formula provides a means of conversion between cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates. The polar form simplifies the mathematics when used ...

  5. List of theorems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theorems

    Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem (transcendental number theory) Lie–Kolchin theorem (algebraic groups, representation theory) Liénard's theorem (dynamical systems) Lindelöf's theorem (complex analysis) Lindström's theorem (mathematical logic) Linear congruence theorem (number theory, modular arithmetic)

  6. Residue (complex analysis) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue_(complex_analysis)

    Suppose a punctured disk D = {z : 0 < |z − c| < R} in the complex plane is given and f is a holomorphic function defined (at least) on D. The residue Res( f , c ) of f at c is the coefficient a −1 of ( z − c ) −1 in the Laurent series expansion of f around c .

  7. cis (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_(mathematics)

    x is the argument of the complex number (angle between line to point and x-axis in polar form). The notation is less commonly used in mathematics than Euler's formula, e ix, which offers an even shorter notation for cos x + i sin x, but cis(x) is widely used as a name for this function in software libraries.

  8. Cauchy's integral formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy's_integral_formula

    In mathematics, Cauchy's integral formula, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a central statement in complex analysis.It expresses the fact that a holomorphic function defined on a disk is completely determined by its values on the boundary of the disk, and it provides integral formulas for all derivatives of a holomorphic function.

  9. Complex conjugate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugate

    In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex number is the number with an equal real part and an imaginary part equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. That is, if a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are real numbers, then the complex conjugate of a + b i {\displaystyle a+bi} is a − b i . {\displaystyle a-bi.}