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  2. Standard streams - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams

    Another Unix breakthrough was to automatically associate input and output to terminal keyboard and terminal display, respectively, by default [citation needed] — the program (and programmer) did absolutely nothing to establish input and output for a typical input-process-output program (unless it chose a different paradigm).

  3. tee (command) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_(command)

    The tee command is normally used to split the output of a program so that it can be both displayed and saved in a file. The command can be used to capture intermediate output before the data is altered by another command or program. The tee command reads standard input, then writes its content to standard output. It simultaneously copies the ...

  4. C file input/output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_file_input/output

    The C programming language provides many standard library functions for file input and output.These functions make up the bulk of the C standard library header <stdio.h>. [1] The functionality descends from a "portable I/O package" written by Mike Lesk at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, [2] and officially became part of the Unix operating system in Version 7.

  5. Redirection (computing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redirection_(computing)

    For example, a "sort" command is unable to produce any output until all input records have been read, as the very last record received just might turn out to be first in sorted order. Dr. Alexia Massalin's experimental operating system, Synthesis , would adjust the priority of each task as they ran according to the fullness of their input and ...

  6. iconv - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconv

    In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, iconv (an abbreviation of internationalization conversion) [2] is a command-line program [3] and a standardized application programming interface (API) [4] used to convert between different character encodings. "It can convert from any of these encodings to any other, through Unicode conversion."

  7. Command-line argument parsing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_argument_parsing

    Command-line argument parsing is the process of analyzing and handling command-line input provided to a program.

  8. Pipeline (Unix) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)

    The command ls -l is executed as a process, the output (stdout) of which is piped to the input (stdin) of the process for grep key; and likewise for the process for less. Each process takes input from the previous process and produces output for the next process via standard streams.

  9. File descriptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_descriptor

    File descriptors for a single process, file table and inode table. Note that multiple file descriptors can refer to the same file table entry (e.g., as a result of the dup system call [3]: 104 ) and that multiple file table entries can in turn refer to the same inode (if it has been opened multiple times; the table is still simplified because it represents inodes by file names, even though an ...