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Two graphite pencils. Both are labelled "HB", but the numeric label differs between "2" and "2 1 ⁄ 2 ". A grading chart ranging from 9B to 9H. Graphite pencils are made of a mixture of clay and graphite and their darkness varies from black to light grey. A higher amount of clay added to the pencil makes it harder, leaving lighter marks.
It stems from γράφειν ("graphein"), meaning to write or draw in Ancient Greek. [14] [57] From the 16th century, all pencils were made with leads of English natural graphite, but modern pencil lead is most commonly a mix of powdered graphite and clay; it was invented by Nicolas-Jacques Conté in 1795.
Tools such as pens and pencils mark the drawing medium. Other tools such as straight edges, assist the operator in drawing straight lines, or assist the operator in drawing complicated shapes repeatedly. Various scales and the protractor are used to measure the lengths of lines and angles, allowing accurate scale drawing to be carried out.
A graphite pencil is also commonly used for figure drawing. For this purpose, artists' pencils are sold in various formulations, ranging from 9B (very soft) to 1B (medium soft), and from 1H (medium hard) to 9H (very hard). Like charcoal, it can be erased and manipulated using a stump. Ink is another popular medium.
Pencil drawings were not known before the 17th century, [1] with the modern concept of pencil drawings taking shape in the 18th and 19th centuries. [1] Pencil drawings succeeded the older metalpoint drawing stylus, which used metal instead of graphite. [1] Modern artists continue to use the graphite pencil for artworks and sketches. [1]
A mechanical pencil or clutch pencil is a pencil with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a "lead" / ˈ l ɛ d /. The lead , often made of graphite , is not bonded to the outer casing, and the user can mechanically extend it as its point is worn away from use.
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