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  2. pH - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

    The measurement of pH can become difficult at extremely acidic or alkaline conditions, such as below pH 2.5 (ca. 0.003 mol/dm 3 acid) or above pH 10.5 (above ca. 0.0003 mol/dm 3 alkaline). This is due to the breakdown of the Nernst equation in such conditions when using a glass electrode.

  3. pH meter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_meter

    Beckman Model M pH Meter, 1937 [1] Beckman model 72 pH meter, 1960 781 pH/Ion Meter pH meter by Metrohm. A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH. [2]

  4. pH indicator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator

    pH measurement with indicator paper. pH indicators are frequently employed in titrations in analytical chemistry and biology to determine the extent of a chemical reaction. [1] Because of the subjective choice (determination) of color, pH indicators are susceptible to imprecise readings. For applications requiring precise measurement of pH, a ...

  5. Glass electrode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_electrode

    The most common application of ion-selective glass electrodes is for the measurement of pH. The pH electrode is an example of a glass electrode that is sensitive to hydrogen ions. Glass electrodes play an important part in the instrumentation for chemical analysis, and physicochemical studies.

  6. Acidity function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidity_function

    An acidity function is a measure of the acidity of a medium or solvent system, [1] [2] usually expressed in terms of its ability to donate protons to (or accept protons from) a solute (Brønsted acidity). The pH scale is by far the most commonly used acidity function, and is ideal for dilute aqueous solutions.

  7. Universal indicator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_indicator

    A universal indicator is a pH indicator made of a solution of several compounds that exhibit various smooth colour changes over a wide range pH values to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. A universal indicator can be in paper form or present in a form of a solution. [1]

  8. Acid–base titration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid–base_titration

    The pH after the equivalence point depends on the concentration of the conjugate base of the weak acid and the strong base of the titrant. However, the base of the titrant is stronger than the conjugate base of the acid. Therefore, the pH in this region is controlled by the strong base. As such the pH can be found using the following: [1]

  9. Acid value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_value

    In chemistry, acid value (AV, acid number, neutralization number or acidity) is a number used to quantify the acidity of a given chemical substance.It is the quantity of base (usually potassium hydroxide (KOH)), expressed as milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the acidic constituents in 1 gram of a sample.

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