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  2. Immune response - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_response

    An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. These include a wide variety of different toxins, viruses, intra- and extracellular bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body.

  3. Immune system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

    The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. [55] The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process called antigen ...

  4. Immunity (medicine) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medicine)

    The immune system has innate and adaptive components. Innate immunity is present in all metazoans, [1] immune responses: inflammatory responses and phagocytosis. [2] The adaptive component, on the other hand, involves more advanced lymphatic cells that can distinguish between specific "non-self" substances in the presence of "self".

  5. Clonal selection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_selection

    In immunology, clonal selection theory explains the functions of cells of the immune system (lymphocytes) in response to specific antigens invading the body. The concept was introduced by Australian doctor Frank Macfarlane Burnet in 1957, in an attempt to explain the great diversity of antibodies formed during initiation of the immune response.

  6. Antigen presentation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen_presentation

    Antigen presentation is a vital immune process that is essential for T cell immune response triggering. Because T cells recognize only fragmented antigens displayed on cell surfaces , antigen processing must occur before the antigen fragment can be recognized by a T-cell receptor .

  7. Antigen-presenting cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell

    An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays an antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface; this process is known as antigen presentation. T cells may recognize these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). APCs process antigens and present them to T cells.

  8. Immunology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology

    Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine [1] that covers the study of immune systems [2] in all organisms.. Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, [3] immune deficiency, [4] and ...

  9. Phagocytosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis

    The history of phagocytosis represents the scientific establishment of immunology as the process is the first immune response mechanism discovered and understood as such. [1] [2] The earliest definitive account of cell eating was given by Swiss scientist Albert von Kölliker in 1849. [3]