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The fragment of second-order logic consisting only of existential second-order formulas is called existential second-order logic and abbreviated as ESO, as , or even as ∃SO. The fragment of Π 1 1 {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}^{1}} formulas is defined dually, it is called universal second-order logic.
Second order approximation, an approximation that includes quadratic terms; Second-order arithmetic, an axiomatization allowing quantification of sets of numbers; Second-order differential equation, a differential equation in which the highest derivative is the second
An example of second-order conditioning. In classical conditioning, second-order conditioning or higher-order conditioning is a form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus.
Second-order approximation is the term scientists use for a decent-quality answer. Few simplifying assumptions are made, and when a number is needed, an answer with two or more significant figures ("the town has 3.9 × 10 3, or thirty-nine hundred, residents") is generally given. As in the examples above, the term "2nd order" refers to the ...
In numerical analysis, order of accuracy quantifies the rate of convergence of a numerical approximation of a differential equation to the exact solution. Consider u {\displaystyle u} , the exact solution to a differential equation in an appropriate normed space ( V , | | | | ) {\displaystyle (V,||\ ||)} .
The (full) second-order induction scheme consists of all instances of this axiom, over all second-order formulas. One particularly important instance of the induction scheme is when φ is the formula " n ∈ X {\displaystyle n\in X} " expressing the fact that n is a member of X ( X being a free set variable): in this case, the induction axiom ...
The international world order will change from a) the existing tattered remains of the post-World War II system that was created by the U.S. and its allies, in which there are/were generally ...
A second-order cone program (SOCP) is a convex optimization problem of the form minimize subject to ‖ + ‖ +, =, …, = where the ...