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Mangrove leaf with salt crystals. Evaporation of water over the oceans in the water cycle is a natural desalination process. The formation of sea ice produces ice with little salt, much lower than in seawater. Seabirds distill seawater using countercurrent exchange in a gland with a rete mirabile.
Schematic of a multiple effect desalination plant. The first stage is at the top. Pink areas are vapor, lighter blue areas are liquid feed water. Stronger turquoise is condensate. It is not shown how feed water enters other stages than the first. F - feed water in. S - heating steam in. C - heating steam out. W - Fresh water (condensate) out.
Such plants can operate at 23–27 kWh/m 3 (appr. 90 MJ/m 3) of distilled water. [5] Because the colder salt water entering the process counterflows with the saline waste water/distilled water, relatively little heat energy leaves in the outflow—most of the heat is picked up by the colder saline water flowing toward the heater and the energy ...
Vacuum distillation is often used in large industrial plants as an efficient way to remove salt from ocean water, in order to produce fresh water. This is known as desalination. The ocean water is placed under a vacuum to lower its boiling point and has a heat source applied, allowing the fresh water to boil off and be condensed.
This is mainly because CDI removes the salt ions from the water, while the other technologies extract the water from the salt solution. [6] [8] Historically, CDI has been referred to as electrochemical demineralization, "electrosorb process for desalination of water", or electrosorption of salt ions.
Single-phase desalination processes include reverse osmosis and membrane distillation, where membranes filter water from contaminants. [15] [17] As of 2014 reverse osmosis (RO) made up about 52% of indirect methods. [21] [22] Pumps push salt water through RO modules at high pressure. [15] [21] RO systems depend on pressure differences. A ...
Low-temperature thermal desalination (LTTD) is a desalination technique which takes advantage of the fact that water evaporates at lower temperatures at low pressures, even as low as ambient temperature. The system uses vacuum pumps to create a low pressure, low-temperature environment in which water evaporates even at a temperature difference ...
In 1964, Alexander Zarchin obtained a patent for seawater desalination. [4] Zarchin's method of sea water desalination involved freezing sea water in a vacuum, forming pure water crystals which are then melted to produce salt-free water. The salt is drained off in the vacuum stage. [5]