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An arterial blood gas (ABG) test, or arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) measures the amounts of arterial gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. An ABG test requires that a small volume of blood be drawn from the radial artery with a syringe and a thin needle , [ 1 ] but sometimes the femoral artery in the groin or another site is used.
A blood gas test or blood gas analysis tests blood to measure blood gas tension values, it also measures blood pH, and the level and base excess of bicarbonate.The source of the blood is reflected in the name of each test; arterial blood gases come from arteries, venous blood gases come from veins and capillary blood gases come from capillaries. [1]
Bayliss effect or Bayliss myogenic response is a special manifestation of the myogenic tone in the vasculature. [3] [4] The Bayliss effect in vascular smooth muscles cells is a response to stretch. This is especially relevant in arterioles of the body. When blood pressure is increased in the blood vessels and the blood vessels distend, they ...
In the physiology of the kidney, tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) is a feedback system inside the kidneys.Within each nephron, information from the renal tubules (a downstream area of the tubular fluid) is signaled to the glomerulus (an upstream area).
As kidney function declines, the tubules lose the ability to excrete excess acid, and this results in buffering of acid using serum bicarbonate, as well as bone and muscle stores. [12] There are many causes of acute metabolic acidosis, and thus it is helpful to group them by the presence or absence of a normal anion gap. [13] Increased anion gap
Renal azotemia (acute kidney failure) typically leads to uremia. It is an intrinsic disease of the kidney, generally the result of kidney parenchymal damage. Causes include kidney failure, glomerulonephritis, acute tubular necrosis, or other kidney disease. [3] The BUN:Cr in renal azotemia is less than 15.
Changes in renin ultimately alter the output of this system, principally the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone. Each hormone acts via multiple mechanisms, but both increase the kidney's absorption of sodium chloride, thereby expanding the extracellular fluid compartment and raising blood pressure. When renin levels are elevated, the ...
The kidneys detect changes in EABV and through Na + excretions, they attempt to restore EABV balance. The kidney mechanisms used to restore EABV include, (1) increased sympathetic nerve activity; (2) decreased Atriopeptin (ANP) secretion from the atria; (3) increased oncotic pressure ( Starling forces ); (4) increased activity of the Renin ...