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Continental assembly and uplift also meant increasingly arid land climates, favoring the evolution of amniote animals and seed plants, whose eggs and seeds were better adapted to dry climates. [40] The early drying trend was most pronounced in western Pangaea, which became a center of the evolution and geographical spread of amniotes. [44]
A supercontinent cycle is the break-up of one supercontinent and the development of another, which takes place on a global scale. [4] Supercontinent cycles are not the same as the Wilson cycle, which is the opening and closing of an individual oceanic basin. The Wilson cycle rarely synchronizes with the timing of a supercontinent cycle. [1]
Map of Pangaea with modern continental outlines. The supercontinent cycle is the quasi-periodic aggregation and dispersal of Earth's continental crust.There are varying opinions as to whether the amount of continental crust is increasing, decreasing, or staying about the same, but it is agreed that the Earth's crust is constantly being reconfigured.
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As the supercontinent fragmented due to plate tectonics, they were carried by plate movements to their current positions and evolved into the species present today. [20] The earliest known ratite fossils date to the Paleocene epoch about 56 million years ago (e.g., Diogenornis , a possible early relative of the rhea). [ 21 ]
Laurasiatheria (/ l ɔː r ˌ eɪ ʒ ə ˈ θ ɪər i ə,-θ ɛr i ə /; "Laurasian beasts") is a superorder of placental mammals that groups together true insectivores (eulipotyphlans), bats (chiropterans), carnivorans, pangolins (), even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls), and all their extinct relatives.
Like most breakups, the separation of continents is not a quick and painless process.. Take the supercontinent Gondwana, for example. Some 180 million years ago, the landmass separated from what ...
Biologists have documented numerous examples of speciation in nature—with evolution having produced far more species than any observer would consider necessary. For example, there are well over 350,000 described species of beetles. [ 216 ]