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Dihydroxyacetone kinase in complex with a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog (AMP-PNP). Coordinates from PDB ID:1UN9. [1]In biochemistry, a kinase (/ ˈ k aɪ n eɪ s, ˈ k ɪ n eɪ s,-eɪ z /) [2] is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.
The human genome contains about 500 protein kinase genes and they constitute about 2% of all human genes. [1] There are two main types of protein kinase. The great majority are serine/threonine kinases , which phosphorylate the hydroxyl groups of serines and threonines in their targets.
HCK is localized in the cytoplasm where it executes its functions as a kinase. In a steady state, HCK remains in an inactive conformation. Upon interaction with stimuli, such as TLR4 or IL-2, [9] [10] C-terminal tyrosine residues of HCK are dephosphorylated by phosphatases, e.g. CD45, and the inactive conformation of HCK is disrupted resulting in HCK activation. [11]
The protein kinase domain is a structurally conserved protein domain containing the catalytic function of protein kinases. [2] [3] [4] Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that move a phosphate group onto proteins, in a process called phosphorylation. This functions as an on/off switch for many cellular processes, including metabolism ...
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) is a protein that interacts with a cyclin-CDK complex to inhibit kinase activity, often during G1 phase or in response to external signals or DNA damage. In animal cells, two primary CKI families exist: the INK4 family (p16, p15, p18, p19) and the CIP/KIP family (p21, p27, p57). The INK4 family proteins ...
5' AMP-activated protein kinase or AMPK or 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.11.31) that plays a role in cellular energy homeostasis, largely to activate glucose and fatty acid uptake and oxidation when cellular energy is low.
The mTOR pathway is a central regulator of mammalian metabolism and physiology, with important roles in the function of tissues including liver, muscle, white and brown adipose tissue, [33] and the brain, and is dysregulated in human diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, depression, and certain cancers.
Adenylate Kinase 2 deficiency in humans causes hematopoietic defects associated with sensorineural deafness. [19] Reticular dysgenesis is an autosomal recessive form of human combined immunodeficiency. It is also characterized by an impaired lymphoid maturation and early differentiation arrest in the myeloid lineage.