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  2. Marsaglia polar method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsaglia_polar_method

    (r 2 has the appropriate chi square distribution.) This method of producing a pair of independent standard normal variates by radially projecting a random point on the unit circumference to a distance given by the square root of a chi-square-2 variate is called the polar method for generating a pair of normal random variables,

  3. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    The simplest case of a normal distribution is known as the standard normal distribution or unit normal distribution. This is a special case when μ = 0 {\textstyle \mu =0} and σ 2 = 1 {\textstyle \sigma ^{2}=1} , and it is described by this probability density function (or density): φ ( z ) = e − z 2 2 2 π . {\displaystyle \varphi (z ...

  4. 68–95–99.7 rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68–95–99.7_rule

    Diagram showing the cumulative distribution function for the normal distribution with mean (μ) 0 and variance (σ 2) 1. These numerical values "68%, 95%, 99.7%" come from the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. The prediction interval for any standard score z corresponds numerically to (1 − (1 − Φ μ,σ 2 (z)) · 2).

  5. Truncated normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_normal_distribution

    Download QR code; Print/export Download as PDF ... the truncated normal distribution is the probability distribution derived from that of a normally distributed ...

  6. x̅ and R chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X̅_and_R_chart

    R = x max - x min. The normal distribution is the basis for the charts and requires the following assumptions: The quality characteristic to be monitored is adequately modeled by a normally distributed random variable; The parameters μ and σ for the random variable are the same for each unit and each unit is independent of its predecessors or ...

  7. Studentized range distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studentized_range_distribution

    The studentized range distribution function arises from re-scaling the sample range R by the sample standard deviation s, since the studentized range is customarily tabulated in units of standard deviations, with the variable q = R ⁄ s. The derivation begins with a perfectly general form of the distribution function of the sample range, which ...

  8. Box–Muller transform - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box–Muller_transform

    Because R 2 is the square of the norm of the standard bivariate normal variable (X, Y), it has the chi-squared distribution with two degrees of freedom. In the special case of two degrees of freedom, the chi-squared distribution coincides with the exponential distribution , and the equation for R 2 above is a simple way of generating the ...

  9. Q-function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-function

    In statistics, the Q-function is the tail distribution function of the standard normal distribution. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In other words, Q ( x ) {\displaystyle Q(x)} is the probability that a normal (Gaussian) random variable will obtain a value larger than x {\displaystyle x} standard deviations.