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the sensory limb is mediated predominantly by CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) the motor limb by CN X (vagus nerve). The gag reflex involves a brisk and brief elevation of the soft palate and bilateral contraction of pharyngeal muscles evoked by touching the posterior pharyngeal wall. Touching the soft palate can lead to a similar reflex response.
The glossopharyngeal nerve (/ ˌ ɡ l ɒ s oʊ f ə ˈ r ɪ n (d) ʒ i ə l,-ˌ f ær ən ˈ dʒ iː ə l / [1]), also known as the ninth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IX, or simply CN IX, [2] is a cranial nerve that exits the brainstem from the sides of the upper medulla, just anterior (closer to the nose) to the vagus nerve.
Tissue damage to the nerves that support the tongue can cause ageusia, especially damage to the lingual nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve. The lingual nerve passes taste for the front two-thirds of the tongue and the glossopharyngeal nerve passes taste for the back third of the tongue.
Neurological injury due to damage in the central or peripheral nervous system may result in weakness, paralysis, or a lack of coordination of the motor–speech system, producing dysarthria. [1] These effects in turn hinder control over the tongue, throat, lips or lungs; for example, swallowing problems ( dysphagia ) are also often present in ...
In contrast, pseudobulbar palsy is a clinical syndrome similar to bulbar palsy but in which the damage is located in upper motor neurons of the corticobulbar tracts in the mid-pons (i.e., in the cranial nerves IX-XII), that is the nerve cells coming down from the cerebral cortex innervating the motor nuclei in the medulla.
These lesions typically damage the cranial nerves leading to both motor and sensory deficits. The cranial nerves that are impaired include the following; Cranial Nerve (CN) V (the trigeminal nerve), CN VII (the facial nerve), CN IX (the glossopharyngeal nerve), CN X (the vagus nerve), and CN XII (the hypoglossal nerve).
PBP is a disease that attacks the nerves supplying the bulbar muscles. These disorders are characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brain stem, and pyramidal tracts. This specifically involves the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), and hypoglossal nerve (XII). [2]
Human brain inferior view showing cranial nerves Jugular foramen syndrome , or Vernet's syndrome , is characterized by paresis of the glossopharyngeal , vagal , and accessory (with or without the hypoglossal ) nerves.