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Mutations in kinases that lead to a loss-of-function or gain-of-function can cause cancer [8] and disease in humans, including certain types of leukemia and neuroblastomas, glioblastoma, [9] spinocerebellar ataxia (type 14), forms of agammaglobulinaemia, and many others. [10]
The human genome contains about 500 protein kinase genes and they constitute about 2% of all human genes. [1] There are two main types of protein kinase. The great majority are serine/threonine kinases , which phosphorylate the hydroxyl groups of serines and threonines in their targets.
The protein kinase domain is a structurally conserved protein domain containing the catalytic function of protein kinases. [2] [3] [4] Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that move a phosphate group onto proteins, in a process called phosphorylation. This functions as an on/off switch for many cellular processes, including metabolism ...
A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) is a protein that interacts with a cyclin-CDK complex to inhibit kinase activity, often during G1 phase or in response to external signals or DNA damage. In animal cells, two primary CKI families exist: the INK4 family (p16, p15, p18, p19) and the CIP/KIP family (p21, p27, p57). The INK4 family proteins ...
HCK is localized in the cytoplasm where it executes its functions as a kinase. In a steady state, HCK remains in an inactive conformation. Upon interaction with stimuli, such as TLR4 or IL-2, [9] [10] C-terminal tyrosine residues of HCK are dephosphorylated by phosphatases, e.g. CD45, and the inactive conformation of HCK is disrupted resulting in HCK activation. [11]
Creatine kinase in the blood may be high in health and disease. Exercise increases the outflow of creatine kinase to the blood stream for up to a week, and this is the most common cause of high CK in blood. [16] Furthermore, high CK in the blood may be related to high intracellular CK such as in persons of African descent. [17]
Hexokinase I, also known as hexokinase A and HK1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HK1 gene on chromosome 10. Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways.
Hexokinase II, also known as Hexokinase B and HK2, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the HK2 gene on chromosome 2. [5] [6] Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. Hexokinase II is the predominant hexokinase form found in skeletal muscle.