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That is, g is a primitive root modulo n if for every integer a coprime to n, there is some integer k for which g k ≡ a (mod n). Such a value k is called the index or discrete logarithm of a to the base g modulo n. So g is a primitive root modulo n if and only if g is a generator of the multiplicative group of integers modulo n.
This book was an accumulation of Discrete Mathematics, first edition, textbook published in 1985 which dealt with calculations involving a finite number of steps rather than limiting processes. The second edition added nine new introductory chapters; Fundamental language of mathematicians, statements and proofs , the logical framework, sets and ...
Vieta's formulas are frequently used with polynomials with coefficients in any integral domain R.Then, the quotients / belong to the field of fractions of R (and possibly are in R itself if happens to be invertible in R) and the roots are taken in an algebraically closed extension.
An illustration of Newton's method. In numerical analysis, the Newton–Raphson method, also known simply as Newton's method, named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a root-finding algorithm which produces successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function.
Moreover, there exist more informative radical expressions for n th roots of unity with the additional property [12] that every value of the expression obtained by choosing values of the radicals (for example, signs of square roots) is a primitive n th root of unity. This was already shown by Gauss in 1797. [13]
In numerical analysis, Broyden's method is a quasi-Newton method for finding roots in k variables. It was originally described by C. G. Broyden in 1965. [1]Newton's method for solving f(x) = 0 uses the Jacobian matrix, J, at every iteration.
Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem (discrete geometry) Alperin–Brauer–Gorenstein theorem (finite groups) Alspach's theorem (graph theory) Amitsur–Levitzki theorem (linear algebra) Analyst's traveling salesman theorem (discrete mathematics) Analytic Fredholm theorem (functional analysis) Anderson's theorem (real analysis)
In mathematics, and more specifically in numerical analysis, Householder's methods are a class of root-finding algorithms that are used for functions of one real variable with continuous derivatives up to some order d + 1. Each of these methods is characterized by the number d, which is known as the order of the method.
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