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Those affected by schizophrenia are also more inclined to develop numerous physiological and psychological conditions. Most notably, they experience higher rates of substance abuse and suicidality; where more than half of people with schizophrenia have reported suicide ideation or attempts, and nearly half experience substance abuse or dependence. [19]
Schizophrenia is diagnosed 1.4 times more frequently in males than females, and typically appears earlier in men [7] —the peak ages of onset schizophrenia are 20–28 years for males and 26–32 years for females. [10] Early Onset schizophrenia in childhood, before the age of 13 can sometimes occur.
Onset over the age of 60, which may be difficult to differentiate as schizophrenia, is known as very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis. [55] Late onset has shown that a higher rate of females are affected; they have less severe symptoms and need lower doses of antipsychotics. [ 55 ]
Over the years, researchers had found that in people with schizophrenia, important parts of the brain are larger than usual, including the prefrontal cortex, which controls decision-making. Gray matter—the neural connections on which electrical signals travel, forming thoughts and emotions—is thinner.
Paraphrenia is often associated with a physical change in the brain, such as a tumor, stroke, ventricular enlargement, or neurodegenerative process. [4] Research that reviewed the relationship between organic brain lesions and the development of delusions suggested that "brain lesions which lead to subcortical dysfunction could produce delusions when elaborated by an intact cortex".
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