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The Union Jack, in addition to being the flag of the United Kingdom, also serves as one of the most potent symbols of Britishness. [1]British national identity is a term referring to the sense of national identity, as embodied in the shared and characteristic culture, languages and traditions, [2] of the British people.
The uneven path of British Liberalism: From Jo Grimond to Brexit (2nd ed. 2019). Laybourn, Keith. "The rise of Labour and the decline of Liberalism: the state of the debate." History 80.259 (1995): 207–226, historiography. Mehta, Uday Singh. Liberalism and empire: A study in nineteenth-century British liberal thought (U of Chicago Press, 1999).
The British Empire began granting independence to all its Colonies from India, to Africa to the Pacific. The last instance of capital punishment in the United Kingdom was carried out in 1964. It was formally abolished under the Human Rights Act 1998. Harold Wilson allows individual petitions to Strasbourg in 1968.
Social liberty meant limits on the ruler's power through obtaining recognition of political liberties or rights and establishing a system of "constitutional checks". [148] His definition of liberty, influenced by Joseph Priestley and Josiah Warren, was that the individual ought to be free to do as he wishes unless he harms others. [149]
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, the right to private property and equality before the law.
Lieber asserted that "independence in the highest degree, compatible with safety and broad national guarantees of liberty, is the great aim of Anglican liberty, and self-reliance is the chief source from which it draws its strength". [40] On the other hand, Gallican liberty "is sought in government ... .
The phrase Fundamental Laws of England has often been used by those opposing particular legislative, royal or religious initiatives.. For example, in 1641 the House of Commons of England protested that the Roman Catholic Church was "subverting the fundamental laws of England and Ireland", [3] part of a campaign ending in 1649 with the beheading of King Charles I.
John Locke (1632–1704), one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers, argued that protection of "property" – which to him meant "life, liberty and estates" – were the very reasons that society existed. He articulated that every person is created equal and free but, in return for the advantages of living in an organised society, a ...