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In molecular biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions of genetic code in DNA or RNA. Each strand of DNA or RNA has a 5' end and a 3' end , so named for the carbon position on the deoxyribose (or ribose ) ring.
The extracellular type II and type I kinase receptors binding to the TGF-β ligands. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a superfamily of cytokines that play a significant upstream role in regulating of morphogenesis, homeostasis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. [2]
Molecular biology. Upstream and downstream (DNA), determining relative positions on DNA; Upstream and downstream (transduction) ...
The 5′ is upstream; the 3′ is downstream. DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5′-to-3′ direction. Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid.
Downstream may refer to: Downstream (hydrology) , the direction towards the mouth of a stream, i.e. the direction the current flows Downstream (bioprocess) , when a cell mass from an upstream process (isolated, grown and harvested) is further processed to meet purity and quality requirements
In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA transcript may encode a protein , or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA or rRNA.
Silencers are DNA sequences found in the 5′ flanking region of eukaryotic genes, assisting in the silencing of a gene. They can be found upstream, downstream, or within the gene of interest. [3] When repressors bind silencers, they act in a similar fashion as enhancers and bend over to prevent the interaction of RNA polymerase with promoters ...
In molecular biology, a downstream promoter element (DPE) is a core promoter element. Like all core promoters, the DPE plays an important role in the initiation of gene transcription by RNA polymerase II .