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The effects of lateral spreading (River Road in Christchurch following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake) Damage in Brooklands from the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, where buoyancy caused by soil liquefaction pushed up an underground service including this manhole. The effects of soil liquefaction on the built environment can be extremely damaging.
A second interaction effect, tied to mechanical properties of soil, is the sinking of foundations, worsened by a seismic event. This phenomenon is called soil liquefaction . Most of the civil engineering structures involve some type of structural element with direct contact with ground.
The effects of soil liquefaction, seen after 2011 Canterbury earthquake. In geology, soil liquefaction refers to the process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake. [6]
In soil mechanics, dilatancy or shear dilatancy [1] is the volume change observed in granular materials when they are subjected to shear deformations. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This effect was first described scientifically by Osborne Reynolds in 1885/1886 [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and is also known as Reynolds dilatancy .
The first modern theoretical models for soil consolidation were proposed in the 1920s by Terzaghi and Fillunger, according to two substantially different approaches. [1] The former was based on diffusion equations in eulerian notation, whereas the latter considered the local Newton’s law for both liquid and solid phases, in which main variables, such as partial pressure, porosity, local ...
President-elect Donald Trump charged Elon Musk and former presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy with cutting government spending. Years of comments from both men suggest they could aim to do much ...
These stress waves can penetrate up to 10 metres (33 ft). In cohesionless soils, these waves create liquefaction that is followed by the compaction of the soil; in cohesive soils, they create an increased amount of pore water pressure that is followed by the compaction of the soil. Pore water pressure is the pressure of water that is trapped in ...
If the resulting moral injury is largely invisible to outsiders, its effects are more apparent. “I would bet anything,” said Nash, the retired Navy psychiatrist, “that if we had the wherewithal to do this kind of research we’d find that moral injury underlies veteran homelessness, criminal behavior, suicide.”