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In Romania, Communist Party leader and President Nicolae Ceaușescu even had the same title, Conducător (Romanian for leader), as earlier dictator Marshal Ion Antonescu. U.S.-backed Indonesian president Suharto was awarded the title of "Father of Development" by the Golkar and Armed Forces-controlled Parliament in 1983.
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
According to Yale professor Juan José Linz there are three main types of political systems today: democracies, totalitarian regimes and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes with hybrid regimes. [2] [3] Another modern classification system includes monarchies as a standalone entity or as a hybrid system of the main three. [4]
Alexander Kolchak, White leader in the Russian Civil War as "Supreme Ruler of Russia". [2] Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943 and of Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945, was known as Duce ("leader"). Antanas Smetona, the authoritarian president of Lithuania (1926–1940), adopted the title of Tautos Vadas ("Leader of ...
British journalist Gideon Rachman described Vladimir Putin as "the archetype and the model" for modern political strongmen. [1]In politics, a strongman is a type of authoritarian political leader — civilian or military — who exerts control through military enforcement and has, or has claimed to have, strong popular support.
Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (in Spanish) —contextualised biographies of world political leaders; EmilePhaneuf—an archived, partial list of official websites for heads of state; Portale Storia (in Italian) —a list of current rulers by country; Rulers—a list of rulers throughout time and places
Britannica and various authors noted that the policies of Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, contributed to the establishment of a totalitarian system in the USSR, [3] [7] but while some authors, such as Leszek Kolakowski, believed Stalinist totalitarianism to be a continuation of Leninism [7] and directly called Lenin's ...
According to them, leaders that would generally be considered authoritarian but are allied with the United States such as Paul Biya or Nursultan Nazarbayev are rarely referred to as "dictators", while leaders of countries opposed to U.S. policy such as Nicolás Maduro or Bashar al-Assad have the term applied to them much more liberally. [35]