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Marshall Barron Clinard (November 12, 1911 – May 30, 2010) was an American sociologist who specialized in criminology. [1] [2] Criminological studies spanned across his entire career, from an examination of the Black Market during World War II to much more general treatments of white collar crime.
Labeling theory refers to an individual who is labeled by others in a particular way. The theory was studied in great detail by Becker. [52] It was originally derived from sociology, but is regularly used in criminological studies. When someone is given the label of a criminal they may reject or accept it and continue to commit crime.
Another early form of the theory was proposed by Reiss (1951) [3] who defined delinquency as, "...behavior consequent to the failure of personal and social controls." ." Personal control was defined as, "...the ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community" while social control was, "...the ability of social groups or ...
Systems theory believes that isomorphism can be identified in all disciplines, and better understanding will result from finding and using that common material in an integrated theory. But there is a danger of reductionism or of creating mere abstraction in a metatheory where concepts are simply grouped within concepts.
In order to subvert the gender-blind criminological theory of the time, feminists in the late 1970's and early 1980's utilized the standpoint theory, which asserts that one's perspectives are formed based on their experiences. Research of this nature sought to understand female criminality by examining the lives and histories of women caught up ...
The theory was prompted by four observations: Delinquents often express guilt over their illegal acts. Delinquents often respect and admire honest, law-abiding individuals. Delinquents often distinguish people they may victimize from people they must not. Delinquents are not immune to the demands of conformity.
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Grounded Theory – This method's primary strength is the concept of building a theory out of collected findings, establishing theories from patterns of data. [ 6 ] Narrative Analysis – Narrative analysis is applied to criminology primarily in the notion of profiling , or building findings based on narrative patterns of behavior.