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The original form of the Kelvin equation, published in 1871, is: [1] where: = vapor pressure at a curved interface of radius. = vapor pressure at flat interface ( ) =. = surface tension. = density of vapor. = density of liquid. , = radii of curvature along the principal sections of the curved interface. This may be written in the following form ...
In fluid mechanics, Kelvin's circulation theorem (named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin who published it in 1869) states: [1][2] In a barotropic, ideal fluid with conservative body forces, the circulation around a closed curve (which encloses the same fluid elements) moving with the fluid remains constant with time. Stated mathematically:
Kelvin and his brother James Thomson confirmed the relation experimentally in 1849–50, and it was historically important as a very early successful application of theoretical thermodynamics. [5] Its relevance to meteorology and climatology is the increase of the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere by about 7% for every 1 °C (1.8 °F ...
C 6 H 6 (l) 124.5. 31.00. The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of that substance from its component elements, in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 25 °C and 100 kPa). Its symbol is Δ fG ˚.
Comparison of temperature scales. * Normal human body temperature is 36.8 °C ±0.7 °C, or 98.2 °F ±1.3 °F. The commonly given value 98.6 °F is simply the exact conversion of the nineteenth-century German standard of 37 °C. Since it does not list an acceptable range, it could therefore be said to have excess (invalid) precision.
The 19th century British scientist Lord Kelvin first developed and proposed the scale. [5] It was often called the "absolute Celsius" scale in the early 20th century. [6] The kelvin was formally added to the International System of Units in 1954, defining 273.16 K to be the triple point of water.
The free energy is the portion of any first-law energy that is available to perform thermodynamic work at constant temperature, i.e., work mediated by thermal energy. Free energy is subject to irreversible loss in the course of such work. [1] Since first-law energy is always conserved, it is evident that free energy is an expendable, second-law ...
Supercritical ethane, fluid. [1] In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve. One example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the end point of the pressure–temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can coexist. At higher temperatures, the gas ...