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A non-negative integer is a square number when its square root is again an integer. For example, =, so 9 is a square number. A positive integer that has no square divisors except 1 is called square-free. For a non-negative integer n, the n th square number is n 2, with 0 2 = 0 being the zeroth one. The concept of square can be extended to some ...
() is always a perfect square. [10] As it is only a necessary condition but not a sufficient one, it can be used in checking if a given triple of numbers is not a Pythagorean triple. For example, the triples {6, 12, 18} and {1, 8, 9} each pass the test that ( c − a )( c − b )/2 is a perfect square, but neither is a Pythagorean triple.
Examples include e and π. Trigonometric number: Any number that is the sine or cosine of a rational multiple of π. Quadratic surd: A root of a quadratic equation with rational coefficients. Such a number is algebraic and can be expressed as the sum of a rational number and the square root of a rational number.
The following is a list of all 52 currently known (as of January 2025) Mersenne primes and corresponding perfect numbers, along with their exponents p. The largest 18 of these have been discovered by the distributed computing project Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search , or GIMPS; their discoverers are listed as "GIMPS / name ", where the name ...
Examples are e r and π r, which are transcendental for all nonzero rational r. Because the algebraic numbers form a subfield of the real numbers, many irrational real numbers can be constructed by combining transcendental and algebraic numbers. For example, 3 π + 2, π + √ 2 and e √ 3 are irrational (and even transcendental).
Consequently, a square number is also triangular if and only if + is square, that is, there are numbers and such that =. This is an instance of the Pell equation x 2 − n y 2 = 1 {\displaystyle x^{2}-ny^{2}=1} with n = 8 {\displaystyle n=8} .
Shanks' square forms factorization is a method for integer factorization devised by Daniel Shanks as an improvement on Fermat's factorization method. The success of Fermat's method depends on finding integers x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} such that x 2 − y 2 = N {\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{2}=N} , where N {\displaystyle N} is the ...
Another geometric proof proceeds as follows: We start with the figure shown in the first diagram below, a large square with a smaller square removed from it. The side of the entire square is a, and the side of the small removed square is b. The area of the shaded region is . A cut is made, splitting the region into two rectangular pieces, as ...