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Packet loss is either caused by errors in data transmission, typically across wireless networks, [1] [2] or network congestion. [3]: 36 Packet loss is measured as a percentage of packets lost with respect to packets sent. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) detects packet loss and performs retransmissions to ensure reliable messaging.
When a packet is lost, rather than losing an entire set of data, small portions of several sets will be gone. At the receiving end, the message is then deinterleaved to reveal the original message with minimal loss. Transmission without interleaving:
ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. It is available in a wide range of operating systems – including most embedded network administration software.
When packet loss occurs in the network, an additional limit is imposed on the connection. [2] In the case of light to moderate packet loss when the TCP rate is limited by the congestion avoidance algorithm , the limit can be calculated according to the formula (Mathis, et al.):
Other tools include stream tests, line monitoring, tweak testing, packet loss testing, and many other tools. [28] [29] [30] Some of these services are provided free of charge, but others require the user to purchase "tool points", which are approximately $1.
The timestamp values returned for each router along the path are the delay values, typically measured in milliseconds for each packet. The sender expects a reply within a configured number of seconds. If a packet is not acknowledged within the expected interval, an asterisk is displayed.
While most CCAs are loss-based, in that they rely on packet loss to detect congestion and lower rates of transmission, BBR, like TCP Vegas, is model-based. The algorithm uses the maximum bandwidth and round-trip time at which the network delivered the most recent flight of outbound data packets to build a model of the network.
Packet delay variation and packet loss have been shown to be the key characteristics in determining whether a network can transport good quality video. These features are represented as the Delay Factor (DF) and the Media Loss Rate (MLR), and they are combined to produce the Media Delivery Index (MDI), which is displayed as:
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